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Cahiers de la Méditerranée
1In analysing the many elements of Spanish strategy in Italy, special attention must be paid to the co-optation of the élites, whether of the indigenous baronial or aristocratic classes of the Habsburg territories or of their peers in the independent Italian states. This was a cornerstone of the Grand Strategy of the Spanish Habsburg composite monarchy, which had to rely heavily on a multi-tiered system of patronage.1 The granting of business opportunities, offices, executive posts, honorific titles and dignities, pensions, gifts, and other mercedes (rewards) to members of these élites fostered political consensus and broadened support for Spanish strategic interests. Those who received this patronage in most cases shared interests, attitudes, and values with their benefactors.2 Spanish power depended upon a sense of inclusiveness, as the political history of Genoa in the 1570s (examined above) demonstrates. Significantly, mercedes were granted even to people of middling social rank.3In Lombardy appointments for two-year offices, that is, positions that were considered relatively less important and prestigious, were usually granted to minor figures. Far from neglecting these apparently petty issues, in 1592 Philip II wrote to his governor
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Notes
1 - E. Fasano Guarini, ‘Italia non spagnola e Spagna nel tempo di Filippo II’, in L. Lotti and R. Villari, eds., Filippo II e il Mediterraneo (Roma-Bari, 2003), 14.
2- J. H. Elliott, ‘A Europe of Composite Monarchies’, Past & Present, 137 (1992), 50-1.
3- W. Murray and M. Grimsley, ‘Introduction: On strategy’, in W. Murray, M. Knox, A. Bernstein, eds., The making of strategy. Rulers, states, and war (Cambridge, 1994), 2-3; J. L. Gaddis, We now know. Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford, 1997), 85-6; E. N. Luttwak, Strategia. La logica della guerra e della pace (Milano, 20012), 13; L. Bonanate, La guerra (Roma-Bari, 1998), 52; Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui, Guerra senza limiti. L’arte della guerra asimmetrica fra terrorismo e globalizzazione (Gorizia, 2001), 72-4 and 80.
4- Gaddis, We now know, 284; Murray and Grimsley, ‘Introduction’, passim and esp. p. 6; M. Knox, ‘Conclusion: Continuity and revolution in the making of strategy’, in Murray, Knox, Bernstein, eds., The making, 644; Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui, Guerra, 39-40, 58-9, 79-86, 101, 103-4, 123, 164-7, 179, 186-7, 188, 192-3, 194-5; A. Buchan, ‘Guerra’, in Enciclopedia del Novecento (Roma, 1978), III, 469. See also M. Rizzo, ‘Non solo guerra. Risorse e organizzazione d